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Before you buy DHA supplements, take a little time to learn about the different ones on the market.  There might be better choices.  It really depends on why you are interested in supplementation.

For the Brain

In studies concerning depression, a combination of Docosahexaenoic acid and Eicosapentaenoic acid was shown to be more effective than either of the omega-3s, alone.  In the studies that focused on attention deficit disorders in children, fish oil was given.  Fish oil contains several different omega-3 fatty acids, as well as other fats.  The content varies.  So, it is important to read the label, carefully, before you buy.

DHA supplements derived from marine algae do not have the same complex nature that is found in natural fish oils.  There is reason to believe, as you’ll read about later in this article, that there is more to the health benefits of fish oil than the omega-3 content, alone.

For the Heart

DHA supplements have proven to be more effective in lowering total blood triglycerides and at improving the blood’s HDL (good) cholesterol concentration.  So, for that benefit, any of the supplements on the market will do.  But, in order to see a marked reduction in triglycerides, you would need to take about 3000mg per day.  The average supplement on the market contains only about 200mg.  The better fish oils contain about 280mg.  So, you can see that it is unfeasible to take 3000mg of DHA alone every day.

For the Baby

Pregnant and nursing women need more omega-3s than the average person.  Exactly how much has yet to be firmly established, but some doctors recommend a minimum of 500mg per day.

You would need a good fish oil supplement to get that much in two capsules.  Otherwise, you would need to take more and more might not be a good idea.  The safety of high doses of fish oil or high doses of other DHA supplements has yet to be verified.

For Your Joints

For your joints and for the rest of your body, the main benefit of the supplement is due to the anti-inflammatory activity.  There has been some debate about whether there is any “real” anti-inflammatory activity or if the benefits are due solely to modulating inflammation; preventing it from getting worse, you might say.

A recent study should put the debate to rest.  A regular fish oil supplement was shown to have about half the anti-inflammatory activity of aspirin.

A concentrated supplement was shown to have a little more anti-inflammatory activity, but surprisingly, to researchers, a supplement that contained a combination of the concentrated ester and the natural triglycerides had the most anti-inflammatory activity, even though the omega-3 content was lower.

Laurel Cohen is a strong advocate of natural health in all its forms: skin care, supplementation, and farm fresh foods. She enjoys introducing people to the best natural products she can find and uses herself daily. Visit her site http://www.omega-3-for-health.com to learn about the omega 3 fish oils Laurel uses daily for optimal health.

Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/4-good-reasons-to-discover-dha-supplements-1377150.html

Before you buy DHA supplements, take a little time to learn about the different ones on the market.  There might be better choices.  It really depends on why you are interested in supplementation.

For the Brain

In studies concerning depression, a combination of Docosahexaenoic acid and Eicosapentaenoic acid was shown to be more effective than either of the omega-3s, alone.  In the studies that focused on attention deficit disorders in children, fish oil was given.  Fish oil contains several different omega-3 fatty acids, as well as other fats.  The content varies.  So, it is important to read the label, carefully, before you buy.

DHA supplements derived from marine algae do not have the same complex nature that is found in natural fish oils.  There is reason to believe, as you’ll read about later in this article, that there is more to the health benefits of fish oil than the omega-3 content, alone.

For the Heart

DHA supplements have proven to be more effective in lowering total blood triglycerides and at improving the blood’s HDL (good) cholesterol concentration.  So, for that benefit, any of the supplements on the market will do.  But, in order to see a marked reduction in triglycerides, you would need to take about 3000mg per day.  The average supplement on the market contains only about 200mg.  The better fish oils contain about 280mg.  So, you can see that it is unfeasible to take 3000mg of DHA alone every day.

For the Baby

Pregnant and nursing women need more omega-3s than the average person.  Exactly how much has yet to be firmly established, but some doctors recommend a minimum of 500mg per day.

You would need a good fish oil supplement to get that much in two capsules.  Otherwise, you would need to take more and more might not be a good idea.  The safety of high doses of fish oil or high doses of other DHA supplements has yet to be verified.

For Your Joints

For your joints and for the rest of your body, the main benefit of the supplement is due to the anti-inflammatory activity.  There has been some debate about whether there is any “real” anti-inflammatory activity or if the benefits are due solely to modulating inflammation; preventing it from getting worse, you might say.

A recent study should put the debate to rest.  A regular fish oil supplement was shown to have about half the anti-inflammatory activity of aspirin.

A concentrated supplement was shown to have a little more anti-inflammatory activity, but surprisingly, to researchers, a supplement that contained a combination of the concentrated ester and the natural triglycerides had the most anti-inflammatory activity, even though the omega-3 content was lower.

Laurel Cohen is a strong advocate of natural health in all its forms: skin care, supplementation, and farm fresh foods. She enjoys introducing people to the best natural products she can find and uses herself daily. Visit her site http://www.omega-3-for-health.com to learn about the omega 3 fish oils Laurel uses daily for optimal health.

Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/4-good-reasons-to-discover-dha-supplements-1377161.html

In the quest for searching the best quality fish oil products most of us rely on known quality standards. Most popular one is IFOS, International Fish Oil Standard.
But have you ever given it a thought that what exactly is it? Who they are? How to they test? What are the parameters?

With the growing popularity of omega 3 more and more people are demanding these supplements and therefore more and more players are entering the market. With recent scientific studies reporting high contamination levels in sea water and hence in all marine by products it becomes all the more important that there should be one central agency that regulates the standards so that there is not room left for cheap or ineffective products.

IFOS is an international program that tests the omega 3 health supplements for various safety standards as mentioned by World Health Organization and Council for Responsible Nutrition so that these supplements are safe for human consumption.

This standard is different from ISO and Good Manufacturing Practices because both these standards concentrate more on the process where as International Fish Oil Standard focuses on the purity of end product. If a company follows an ISO 9001 process it means that the process to manufacture is well documented and followed every time. They do not deviate from the process but that does not guarantee best quality of the end product. It may be useful to a certain extent but it can no way tell you about the level of toxins present in the end product.

IFOS tests products on four parameters -

Concentration
This is a one to one comparison of level of DHA/EPA present in the product vs. as claimed on the label. If you examine the label of any fish oil you will see that presence of DHA is mentioned like 200mg per 1000mg. These tests make sure that manufacturer is not supplying misleading information to the customer. If the product is IFOS compliant then you can find the true levels mentioned in the product report.

Purity and Safety
This checks for the levels of harmful chemicals like Mercury, PCBs and Furans.According to CRN standards the level of Mercury and PCBs should be 90ppb and 100ppb (ppb = Parts Per Billion) respectively and as per WHO standard Furans should be 2ppt (Parts per Trillion). If you take a look at the safety report of the product you will come that if your product is actually following safety standards or not.

Stability
This tells about the oxidation levels of the fish oil gels. These are core chemistry related details; instead of getting into details let us just keep ourselves limited to understanding that the lower the oxidation the better it is for us.

Presence of Heavy Metals like Lead, Arsenic, Nickel etc.
All these are toxic chemicals that are very very harmful for human beings. If the level of these chemicals should be below the safety limit as suggested by WHO only then the fish oil is considered safe for human consumption.

Companies that produce omega 3 can enroll in this program and get their product tested for purity and freshness. The certificate from International Fish Oil Standard is a clear indication of credibility.

If you are looking for a healthy omega 3 supplement for your family then make sure that the products that you buy follow IFOS or a standard which is stricter than them. You can find all this information on the website of the company.

This is the easiest way to stay away from the cheap products and select the best and effective supplements that give long lasting results to you and your family. If you want to learn more about omega 3 supplements and there benefits; visit my <a target=”_blank” href=”http://omega3brief.com”>website</a> where I have listed them in detail.

Chuck Blake is an active researcher and consumer of fish oil products.Visit his website http://omega3brief.com today to learn more about the powerful benefits of omega-3 fish oils.

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Face it.  The connection between fish oil and cholesterol in the bloodstream can be complicated and difficult to understand.  The information here should help you understand a little more about the subject.

What is Cholesterol, Anyway?

They are waxy hormones found in the body’s cellular membranes and transported through the bloodstream to areas of need.  It is essential for all life, because it is necessary to maintain the integrity of the cellular membranes and for the absorption of some of the essential vitamins.

It is transported within the bloodstream inside of “lipoproteins”, a combination of fats and proteins.  High blood levels of low and very low density lipoproteins are strongly associated with an increased risk of heart and vascular disease, specifically with atherosclerosis, also known as hardening of the arteries.

On the other hand, high levels of high density lipoproteins are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.  So, we have good HDL and bad LDL and VLDL in our bloodstreams.

One of the connections between fish oil and cholesterol balance has to do with the supplement’s ability to increase HDL levels.  HDL can remove cholesterols from the cells and from existing plaques in the arterial walls.  LDL and VLDL, on the other hand, contribute to the formation of those plaques, which are the cause of an age-related heart disease called atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries.

What are Triglycerides?

At the same time that your doctor tests your blood for HLD an LDL particles, normally, you will also be tested for total triglycerides.  Triglycerides are a combination of fatty acids and glycerol.  They are a major component of LDL particles.  High blood triglycerides are believed to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Another connection between fish oil and cholesterol reduction has to do with the supplements ability to lower total blood triglyceride levels.  The question is this.

How much effect does the supplement have and how much do you have to take to see the effect?

Results have varied in clinical trials.  Modest or small to high decreases have been seen.  The reason for the different results has yet to be explained.  There are many possible explanations.  Here’s one of them.

A person that has high triglycerides and low HDL levels, but does not want to take the mainstream medical approach, which includes the use of statin drugs, might do a number of different things to improve their health, while participating in a clinical trial concerning fish oil and cholesterol.

For many years, doctors have recommended lowering one’s intake of total fat and dietary-cholesterol, which is found in a variety of foods.  Adding physical exercise to that approach has proven to be beneficial in recent years.

1. Learn more about what you can do to lower your triglycerides and reduce your risk of heart disease.

Laurel Cohen is a strong advocate of natural health in all its forms: skin care, supplementation, and farm fresh foods. She enjoys introducing people to the best natural products she can find and uses herself daily. Visit her site http://www.omega-3-for-health.com to learn about the omega 3 fish oils Laurel uses daily for optimal health.

Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/the-positive-connection-between-fish-oil-and-cholesterol-1365564.html

When it comes to your health you should seek out quality. It’s not like buying cheap electronics that you can take back if it fails. You only have one body. If it breaks down you will be very let down. Your health is your wealth. Treat your body to the best multi-vitamin on the market.

Daily vitamin supplements can be confusing. Who has time to research all of the different companies and decipher the pros and cons? How much of each vitamin do I need? What are whole food vitamins and is it worth the extra cost? How do I know that my vitamins are even getting absorbed by my body? These are questions that need to be answered and I have done just that. Read on and find out what the experts say.

I have done the research for you and I have chosen the best daily vitamin according to the recommendations of Nutrisearch. Nutrisearch is a company that rates the quality of daily vitamin supplements from a panel of expert physicians. They use a score from 1-5 stars depending on its quality and completeness with 5 stars being the highest rating. Most vitamin companies produce products with 2 or less stars. Only an elite few carry a 5 star rating. I have searched far and wide for the very best and here it is.

The vitamin company that I personally buy for my family and I, has a 5 star rating and also contains 4-5 servings of fruits and vegetables in each serving. It is in my opinion the very best multi-vitamin available

To gain access to high quality daily vitamin supplements see the Superfood-Guru’s pick for the Best Multi-Vitamin.

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When you live in America, most likely, you need nutritional vitamin supplements. Remember that common American diets often lack vitamin and minerals. In fact, a study found out that 9 out of 10 Americans do not get all the needed vitamins and minerals from the diet that they take. High quality nutritional supplements are here to fill that gap. Vitalizer Nutritional Vitamin Supplements made by Shaklee may be the best way for you to ensure complete nutritional support.

All nutritional vitamin supplements will contain the vitamins plus minerals necessary for minimal physiological function. Ideal nutritional vitamin supplements will contain not only these, but other ingredients such as antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, probiotics and phytonutrients necessary for optimal absorption and utilization of all the ingredients. Perfect nutritional vitamin supplements will have all of these qualities and be manufactured from whole foods in a natural way, not by using artificial processes to chemically extract and simulate vitamins and minerals.

Whenever you are looking for the right nutritional vitamin supplements for your need, Shaklee’s Vitalizer plus Iron is surely the one that you must choose. Shaklee Vitalizer Nutritional Vitamin Supplements surely gives you complete nutritional support. 12 separate clinical studies all confirmed that Shaklee’s Vitalizer is one of the most complete nutritional vitamin supplements, giving you vitamins and minerals plus phytonutrients, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants, giving you the needed nutritional support to combat diseases as well as ageing.

Shaklee is confident enough that you will surely be satisfied with the complete nutritional support that is provided by Vitalizer or Vitalizer plus Iron, simply because it gives you nutrients from the entire spectrum of vitamins and minerals, which are actually bio-optimized to give you optimum absorption and utilization. All active forms of Vitamin B that ensures the reduction of nutritional stress is also provided, in addition to all the 8 forms of Vitamin E that act as natural antioxidants to help you in the protection of vital organs, tissues and liver .

In addition, Vitalizer and Vitalizer plus Iron give you important EPA and DHA forms of 7 different Omega-3 fatty acids in a natural, pharmaceutical and ultrapure formula. In fact, Vitalizer is the only kind of product that give you super active probiotics, which helps you in having better digestion, as well as immune supports, in addition to phytonutrients like carotenoids and flavonoids which surely prevents DNA degradation. In this case, Vitalizer is the most complete nutritional vitamin supplements that you can find.

Shaklee has also revolutionized vitamin absorption with the Shaklee Micronutrient Advanced Release Technology (SMART) delivery system which allows different vitamins and minerals to be released into the digestive system and absorbed at the exact location in the gastrointestinal tract to ensure maximum utilization of nutritional vitamin supplements.

Shaklee is confident that you will experience a wide spectrum of benefits including increased energy, enhanced immunity and better nutritional health from your hair, skin and nails to organ systems such as heart, brain, lungs and reproductive organs. Shaklee is the only company to offer an absolute 100% money back guarantee; no questions asked if you are not completely satisfied with Vitalizer nutritional vitamin supplements.

Are you in search of Whole food supplements, nutritional vitamin supplements and many more. Just visit http://www.thenutritionnurse.com and select from a wide range of products which is affordable and nutritious.

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One of the most effective ways to combat the damages caused by aging is by using anti aging supplements. Remember that the American population is getting older, causing anti aging supplements to increase in importance, especially in fighting cell aging. In this case, using Vivix Cellular Anti Aging Tonic by Shaklee must be the right anti aging supplement for you.

Shaklee has actually spent years in clinical research to make the highest quality anti aging supplements that consumers can use. Due to these, Shaklee has produced Vivix, where several laboratory tests have confirmed that its ingredients are proven to reverse the four key elements of cellular aging. This includes: DNA damage, genetic regulators, mitochondrial slowing and the accumulation of glycation products of aging. Vivix anti aging supplement can prevent damage by such four key elements, along with nutritional support.

The processes of cellular aging and oxidation contribute to diseases such as diabetes, arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease. Anti aging supplements also help to combat other age related disorders such as plaque formation which contributes to atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction and even sudden death. The immune system and energy levels will also be given a huge boost from the use of high quality anti aging supplements like Vivix.

2,000 different kinds of clinical studies has shown that the antioxidant Resverartrol, which is present in different kinds of red wide, red berried and grape skin can reverse the effects of aging. In this case, take note that Vivix has resveratrol up to as much as 100 glasses of wine, while letting you do away with the effects of alcohol. Plus, Vivix contains ingredients that have already been proven to be more than 10 times potent as compared to resveratrol, due to the fact that it is made from whole food concentrates.

In addition, Vivix is also known to contain anti aging food supplements that have polyphenols like ellagic acid. Like resveratrol, ellagic acid is present in the “super grape” Vitis rotund folia discovered by Shaklee and is a primary concentrate in Vivix.

Because Vivix anti aging supplements are a whole food product, manufactured without artificial, chemical synthesis and heat processing, it contains an entire spectrum of natural phytonutrients such as phenolic acids, ellagitanins, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanins. These phytochemicals all exist in perfect balance with the natural vitamins, minerals and amino acids found in food concentrates to ensure maximum absorption and utilization available only in whole food anti aging supplements.

In this case, Vivix has proven to be the world’s best anti aging supplements, with Shaklee even offering a 100% no questions asked money back guarantee to every consumer who will not be completely satisfied. Surely, Vivix is clearly the world’s best anti aging supplement.

Are you in search of Whole food supplements, nutritional vitamin supplements and many more. Just visit http://www.thenutritionnurse.com and select from a wide range of products which is affordable and nutritious.

Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/the-uses-of-anti-aging-supplements-1358096.html

One of the hottest topics right now in the nutritional market is senior vitamins and will remain to be as long as the population gets older. Like many other Americans, older adults are also known to have inadequate vitamins and minerals in their respective intakes. In fact, statistics shows that 9 out of 10 Americans does not meet daily nutritional needs due to inadequate consumption of natural food products. Such is also the case in seniors, only with the addition of the effects of ageing, it is a good thing that Shaklee whole food Vitalizer Gold has come to answer such cases.

A new addition to the senior vitamin market, Vitalizer Gold comes as a scientifically formulated and high quality senior vitamin only made from whole food concentrates. Take note that Shaklee Vitalizer has been proven in 12 different clinical studies to give nutrients from a complete spectrum of vitamins and minerals, plus, it also gives in addition phytonutrients, which is important in senior vitamins. Vitalizer Gold is the only the senior vitamin made from whole food concentrates. Whole food concentrates actually gives you vitamins, minerals and phytonutrients that maintains natural synergistic balance to ensure the optimum utilization of nutrients are realized without it being lost from heat and chemical processes.

By using Vitalizers Gold, seniors can enjoy Vitalizer Gold’s 26 antioxidant nutrients, in addition with them receiving the most complete nutritional support from 80 different kinds of optimized nutrients. Antioxidants help you in combating the effects of ageing. Plus, antioxidants also help in the prevention of cardiac diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and thromobophlebitis due to the fact that it helps prevent plaques from forming in your nervous system. All known 7 Omega-3 fatty acids, including the potent DHE and EPA forms, are all provided by Vitalizer Gold, helping you to promote healthy cholesterols and brain protection, which is why it is the most complete senior vitamin supplement for you.

Vitalizer Gold also contains the complete spectrum of alkaloids and phytonutrients such as lignans, lycopene and carotenoids very important in preventing the ravages of aging along with probiotics to promote a healthy digestive system. The ingredients in Vitalizer Gold are proven to protect the body against DNA degradation and prevent many types of cancer such as breast, colon and prostate cancers and can help prevent and treat osteoarthritis and Alzheimer’s disease.

Shaklee is the most complete senior vitamin supplement, giving you vitamins, phytonutrients and minerals that act harmoniously. Plus, due to the Shaklee Micronutrient Advanced Release Technology (SMART) delivery system, you are ensured that every nutrient is absorbed in the right parts of your digestive tract.

Shaklee is so convinced that the user of Vitalizer Gold will be 100% satisfied with the purchase of senior vitamins that they offer a no questions asked money back guarantee because there is no better senior vitamin.

Are you in search of Whole food supplements, nutritional vitamin supplements and many more. Just visit http://www.thenutritionnurse.com and select from a wide range of products which is affordable and nutritious.

Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/senior-vitamins-for-the-aged-1358101.html

Resverse Resveratrol is a new potent anti aging and weight loss supplement, with a completely new approach to anti aging and weight loss never seen before. Resverse Resveratrol is a natural high explosive cocktail of some of the world most effective fruits and berries when it come to weight loss, anti oxidants and keep your body healthy and your immune system strong.

The most important ingredient is Resveratrol. It has great abilities in slowing down the aging process and boosting up your metabolism. Acai berries for its great weight loss abilities and immune system improvement abilities. Maqui berries with the highest amounts of anti oxidants ever seen in any berry and finally Caralluma for being the world most strongest suppress appetite agent yet seen.

Resveratrol Occurs in many plants and berries and act as the plants defense mechanism against bacterial and fungus infections, but most effective is the Resveratrol that derives from Wine Grapes and Japanese Knotweed. Science got very interested in Resveratrol in the eighties, where scientist found out that French had a lower rate of heart diseases, than the rest of the world, because of the Resveratrol in the French wine.

Later on Dr. Sinclair from Harvard Medical School, have done hundreds of studies on animals and found out the Resveratrol is able to extend and improve life at many animal species. Further on tests on humans in Finland have showed that Resveratrol is able to trigger the Gene SIRT 1 that is responsible for the aging process, the test group did also experience a rapid weight loss due to an increase in the overall metabolism.

Get a Free Trial of Reverse Resveratrol here. I will take of 50% of the shipment and handling cost. Remember to use this code “GL75H3” at check out.

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Acai berries have in many years been extremely popular in the rainforest where they have been used as herbal medicine for many years to treat diarrhea, jaundice to build the blood and to get rid of fevers, muscle pain, menstrual pain, and liver and kidney diseases.

Science got very interested in Acai berries due to its weight loss abilities and the value of anti oxidants, which is one of the highest in the any fruit or berries in the world. Only Maqui berries have a higher ORAC value.

Acai have proven to help weight loss clients to suppress their appetite, increase metabolism. Acai has been recommended as a daily supplement, the same was a multi vitamins, because of it abilities to improve your immune system.

Maqui Berries one of the latest found super berries. Maqui has been used in the traditional native herbal medicine by Mapuche Indians to treat different ailments, like inflammations, to increase strength and stamina, and to treat sore throat, diarrhea, ulcers and fever.

Maqui Berries have the highest amount of anti oxidants per 100 grams ever recoded. In fact it is 3 times higher than the Acai Berries. Which makes Maqui berries to a very potent, immune booster, weight loss agent, and to increase general health.

Caralluma Fimbriate Slimaluna is an Indian cactus plant with weight loss abilities and promising appetite suppressant capabilities. It has been used in India for centuries to suppress appetite during hunger periods, but also to increase endurance. Caralluma is very similar to another cactus plant from Africa called Hoodia Gordonii you may have heard of.

With 4 very powerful ingredients in one Resveratrol Supplement makes Resverse Resveratrol to a very potent weight loss supplements and at the same time the most important health supplement for you and your family.

You can try Resverse Resveratrol for free. Get a Free Trial of Reverse Resveratrol here. I will take of 50% of the shipment and handling cost. Remember to use this code “GL75H3” at check out.

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In this experiment, the effects of different levels of fish oil and poultry fat (FO+PF) on the performance and Breast fatty acids composition of broiler chickens assessed. 3% oil in 4 diets were altered with replacing PF by FO (T1=3%PF, T2=2%PF+1%FO, T3=1%PF+2%FO, and T4=3%FO) and were given ad libitum to the birds throughout the growth period. The performance was calculated at 42 d old and the fatty acid profile were determined after withdrawal of FO from the diet (during one -wk) before slaughtering in 49-d old . Higher live weight, weight gain and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded for birds T3 (1%PF+2%FO). High FO concentrations (2 and 3% levels) decreased the saturated (SAT) and monounsaturated FA contents (MUFA) and increased the polyunsaturated FA contents (PUFA) , mainly as linolenic acid and long chain n-3 FA ( C22:6n-3 , C22:5n-3 , C20:5n-3 ) in the breast samples. By replacing the FO diet with the experimental mixture (T2 and T3) and with 3% FO diet (T4), the n-3 and n-6 FA contents increased. However, increase in the amount n-3 FA in compared to n-6 FA contents was doubled in the tissue investigated. Therefore, the n-6: n-3 ratio was decrease to be optimal ratio.

INTRODUCTION

The long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) have long been recognized as an important factor in animal feeding. In man and intensively reared animals it appears that diets have become unbalanced in terms of the make-up of fat particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids .The content of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids has declined and that of omega-6 (n-6)fatty acids increased. By supplementing with fish lipids which are rich in LC n-3 PUFA, the balance can be restored (Bezard et al, 1994; Toncer et al, 1987; Manilla et al, 1999 and Lopez Ferrer et al, 2001).

Fish oil, source of the n-3 fatty acids are supplied as alpha linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA) and poultry fat contain the n-6 fatty acids mainly linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, LA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6, AA). With use from fish oil will ensured optimal ratio of n-6: n-3 in diet and increase of effectiveness of linolenic acid. Several studies with diets rich in LNA have failed to control of n-3 and n-6 FA content in chicken tissues (Ajuyah et al, 1993; Scaife et al,1994 and Lopez Ferrer et al 1991). The use of fish oil (the main source of LC n-3 PUFA) is restricted due to odor constraints in the final product (Hargis and Van Elswyk, 1993).

Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of use from a composition of oil/fat tobe replacing FO with PF to evaluate the effect on broiler carcass fatty acid composition and to determine optimal level of dietary fat to ensure of EPA and DHA amounts and reduce of n-6: n-3 ratio of chicken meat. Their effect on performance was also evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fish oil supplied with collaborator of MEHREGANE KHAZAR (BANDAR ABBAS) company and poultry fat purchased at SEFIDAN MORGE TABRIZE industrial slaughtering unit. This oils stored in dark station at 40c until to mixing with diet.

A total of five handered unsexed one-d-old ROSS chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery (SAMIN Hatcheries Co., MARAGEH). The chicks were fed a common basal broiler starter diet from 1 to 20 days (starter period). At 21d , 160 male chickens were sexed and randomly resigned to cages of 1×1×0/8 meters (10 per cage) and fed experimental diets [ diets of containing 3%PF(T1) , 2%PF+1%FO(T2) , 1%PF+2%FO(T3) and 3%FO(T4) ] throughout a 21-d growth period . The experimental diets formulated tobe isonitrogenouse (19/5 %CP) and isoenergetic (3136 kcal/kg ME), in accordance with the 1994 recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC). The birds were given access to water and diets ad libitum. The composition and calculated nutrient composition of the treatment diet is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Composition and calculated nutrient content of diets fed to chicks

Ingredients and Composition, % Starter diet 1 Experimental Withdrawal

diet Plan diet 2

Yellow corn 62.50 61.50 55.50

Wheat – – 20.00

Soybean meal 30.50 31.00 20.10

Fish meal 4.00 1.00 1.55

Added fat/oil 3/ PF/ FO – 3.00 -

Monocalcium phosphate 0.80 – -

Dicalcium phosphate – 0.90 -

Bone meal – – 0.80

Oyster shell 1.20 1.40 1.00

DL-Methionine 0.30 0.20 0.07

Salt 0.20 0.30 0.23

Vitamin/mineral premix4 0.45 0.45 0.45

Coccidiostat 0.05 0.10 0.10

Vit E – 0.10 0.10

Vit A 0.10 0.05 0.10

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Calculated nutrient content

ME (kcal/kg) 2,950 3,136 3,020

Crude protein (%) 21.20 19.50 17.11

Calcium (%) 0.32 0.14 0.15

Available P (%) 0.32 0.21 0.23

Methionine (%) 0.37 0.31 0.28

Methionine+cystine (%) 0.65 0.56 0.52

Lysine (%) 1.22 1.07 0.90

1starter diet fed to birds from 0 to 21 d.

2oil remove for one wk before slaughter (to decreased of unacceptable odors)

3three percent added fat: T1, control diet = 3% poultry fat (PF); T2 = 1% fish oil (FO) + 2% PF; T3 = 2% FO + 1% PF; T4 = 3% FO

4provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 9,000,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,000,000 IU; vitamin B1, 1,800 mg; vitamin B2, 6,600 mg; vitamin B3, 10,000 mg; vitamin B6, 3,000 mg; vitamin B12,15 mg; vitamin E, 18,000 mg; vitamin K3, 2,000 mg; vitamin B9, 1,000 mg; vitamin B5, 30,000 mg; vitamin H2, 100 mg; folic acid, 21 mg; nicotinic acid, 65 mg; biotin, 14 mg; choline chloride, 500,000 mg; Mn, 100,000 mg; Zn, 85,000 mg; Fe, 50,000 mg; Cu, 10,000 mg; I, 1,000 mg; Se, 200 mg;

Chemical Analysis

A GC apparatus consisting of a Dany GC-1000 (Italy), equipped with FID detector, data processor (DS-1000, Dany), hydrogen generator model GLAIND-2200 (Italy) and a split/split less injector was used. Separations of fatty acids were performed on An Altech Econo-Cap, EC-1000 capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 ?m).

Methanol, n-heptan, diethylether and other chemicals were all from E. Merk (Germany). Fatty acid standards mix was purchased from supelco co. High pure helium (99.999%) was from Roham Gas Co. (Midde East Dubai, United Arab Emirates).

The total lipid fraction was extracted according to Folch et al. method [1957]. For determination of fatty acids about 500 mg of the samples were freeze-dried and extracted with chloroform-methanol mixture (2:1). After vaporization of solvent derivatization reaction was carried out on residue by adding 1 ml of potassium hydroxide 2 M in pure methanol and then shacked for 1 h at room temperature (25±1?C). The methyl esters were extracted in 3×0.5 ml n-heptan and 1 µL was injected to GC.

The initial column temperature was maintained at 75 ?C for 1 min and then raised at 30 ?C / min to 182 ?C and held for 8 minute and temperature was then increased at 7.5 ?C / min to 200 ?C and held 1 min. Helium was used as carrier and makeup gas, which their flow rates are 1.2 ml/min and 25 ml/min respectively. The injector and detector temperature were held at 250 ?C and 260 ?C respectively. Injections of samples were made in split less mode.

Statistical Analysis

The experiment was based on a completely randomized design. The experimental unit being the pen average for each performance variable. The data were analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA. When analysis of variance indicated a significant treatment the means were compared by multiple range tests. Significance was accepted at the 5% confidence level. The data are expressed as means and their standard errors (SE).

RESULTS and DISCUSSION

Fatty acid composition of supplemental fats

The fatty acid profiles of the test oil and fat show that the poultry fat (animal origin) used in this study are rich in linoleic acid, C18:2n-6 and fish oil (Marin origin) have high concentrations of linolenic acid (LNA, C18:3n-3) and long-chain n-3 PUFA naming eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) (Table2). These data are consistent with those obtained in other studies (Phetteplace and Watkins, 1990; Olomu and Baracosa, 1991; and Manilla et al, 1999). Since the fatty acid composition of broiler chicken carcass may be influenced considerably by that of the diet (Miller and Robish, 1969; Hargis and Elswyk, 1993), it is expected that diets containing oils and fat of different origin will influence carcass fatty acid composition, reflecting their predominant fatty acids. On the other hand, The PUFA content was also obtained from direct deposit from dietary fat and, to a much lesser extent, from de novo synthesis through elongation and desaturation from the other groups as reported by Lopez-Ferrer et al (2001).

Table 2. Fatty acid composition of added fat/oil to growth diet

Fatty acid3 poultry oil fish oil

Percentage of total fatty acids

C14:0 4.43 7.33

C16:0 25.08 19.61

C16:1n7 Trans 5.31 7.76

C18:0 8.36 5.36

C18:1n9 26.84 18.95

C18:1n7 8.01 0.17

C18:2n6cis 17.70 3.41

C18:3n3 1.70 9.93

C20:1n9 0.20 0.45

C20:4n6 0.40 0.79

C20:5n3 0.00 11.50

C24:0 0.00 3.46

C22:5n3 0.00 2.21

C22:6n3 0.00 8.30

Others 1.97 2.77

Total SAT 37.87 35.76

Total MUFA 40.36 27.33

Total PUFA 19.80 34.14

Total n6 18.10 4.20

Total n3 1.70 29.94

1Values are means of two determinations

2SAT = saturated; MUFA =monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA=poly-

Unsaturated fatty acid

3Others fatty acids that no detected

Influence of the experimental diets on live weight, growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the broiler chickens

The all of performance parameters showed significant difference with the exception of the feed intake. With the increase of FO contains and decrease of PF levels, improved feed efficiency, weight gain and final weight in male broiler chickens (P

The effect of type of fat on efficiency feed could be related to degree of unsaturation, because some outers (Alao and Balnave, 1985; Pinchasov and Nir, 1992; Zolisch et al, 1997) have reported that digestibility of fat increases as the degree of unsaturation increases. The inclusion of fish oil in poultry diets has also been reported to have no effect on consumption of feed (Huang et al, 1990) significantly higher weight gain, final weight and significant improvement in FCR (Farell, 1995) was observed in the chickens fed added dietary fat contain 1%PF+2%FO (T3) compared to other three fat sources (3%PF, 2%PF+1%FO and 3%FO).

This is in agreement with the findings of Huang et al (1990), Newman et al (1998), Crespo et al (2001, 2002) and Lopez Ferrer et al (1991, 2001). Fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids reduce the catabolic response induced by immune stimulation and effectively may promote growth (Chin et al, 1994).

Table 3: Performance parameters1of chicks according to different amounts of

fish oil in diets (21 to 42 d)

Experimental diets 2

Variable T1 T2 T3 T4 SE P 3

Live weight (g/bird) 1.92 d 1.97 c 2.05 a 2.02 b 0.577 **

Feed intake (g/bird) 122.67 122.80 122.88 122.83 0.191 NS

Weight gain (g/bird) 61.22 d 63.45 c 66.82 a 65.65 b 0.217 **

FCR (g: g) 1.97 a 1.93 b 1.84 d 1.87 c 0.006 **

a, b Values in the same row and variable with no common superscript differ significantly (P 0.05; *= P

Influence of dietary fats on tissue fatty acid composition

The fatty acid composition of the broiler carcass lipids is generally a reflection of the fatty acid profile of the diet fed (Tables 4a and 4b). This is consistent with the results of a number of earlier studies (Yau et al., 1991; Zolisch et al, 1997; Ochrimenko et al., 1997 and Lopez-Ferrer et al., 2001). The lipids of the breast muscle in chickens fed fish oil diet showed significant increases in the concentration of total PUFA. However, the relative proportion of the n-6 FA, mainly as LA, C18:2 n-6, increased in breast tissue (P

The PUFA content was also obtained from direct deposit from dietary fat and, to a much lesser extent, from denovo synthesis through elongation and desaturation from the other groups as reported by Lopez-Ferrer et al.(2001). EPA, DPA, and DHA content in tissues were more dependent on their dietary content than on conversion from their precursor. Their presence in tissues at high levels can be considered a marker of the use of fish products in formulated diets. The n-6: n-3 ratio of chicken tissue decreased with altering of substituting PF by FO. The mixture of FO plus PF (T2 and T3) is best fat levels than other treatments. Optimal EPA, DPA, and DHA levels and n-6: n-3 ratio is achieved.

The saturated (SAT) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content of breast decreased when PF was replaced by FO in 3% dietary fat that the predominant SAT being palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) and the predominant MUFA being oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) . This is in agreement with the findings of Yau et al. (1991) and Scaife et al. (1994). This effect could be due to the dual origin of oleic acid in meat (direct depot from diet and de novo synthesis in liver and tissue). The high palmitic acid (C16:0) content in T1 could account for the high level of oleic acid in meat, through elongation and desaturation (Lopez ferrer et al., 2001).

Table 5. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid composition of breast muscle lipids of chickens as influenced by experimental diets

Experimental diets 2

Fatty acid3 T1 T2 T3 T4 SE P 4

(% of total methyl esters of fatty acids)

C14:0 2.02c 2.72bc 3.32ba 4.05a 0.24 ***

C16:0 15.65a 12.80b 12.53b 12.45b 0.37 ***

C18:0 16.39a 14.92a 10.21b¬ 10.12b 1.06 **

C24:0 1.09d 3.18b 2.65c 4.13a 0.03 ***

Total SAT 34.41a 33.63ba 28.63c 30.86bc 1.00 **

C16:1n7 trans 0.60b 0.46b 1.91a 0.70b 0.13 ***

C18:1n9 32.67a 29.18b 20.70c 27.81b 0.60 ***

C18:1n7 2.22a 0.93b 0.83b 1.17b 0.10 ***

C20:1n9 0.57d 0.57d 0.75c 6.06a 0.02 ***

Total MUFA 36.07a 31.73b 24.21d 29.69c 0.62 ***

a,b Values in the same row and variable with no common superscript differ significantly .

1 Values are means of eight observations per treatment and their standard errors.

2 T1 = diet with 3% poultry fat (PF); T2 = diet with 2% PF+ 1% fish oil (FO); T3 = diet with 1% PF + 2% FO and T4 = diet with 3% FO

3 SAT = saturated; MUFA ??monounsaturated fatty acid

4**= P

Table 5. N-6 and n-3 PUFA composition of breast muscle lipids of chickens as influenced by experimental diets

Experimental diets 2

Fatty acid3 T1 T2 T3 T4 SE P 4

(% of total methyl esters of fatty acids)

C18:2n6cis 2.76c 1.86d 4.92b 12.15a 0.24 ***

C20:4n6 1.59b 1.76a 1.80a 1.21c 0.03 ***

Total n6 4.35d 6.68c 8.66b 13.36a 0.26 ***

C18:3n3 1.59b 0.70c 2.17a 2.40a 0.11 ***

C20:5n3 1.04d 5.84c 8.53b 10.54a 0.04 ***

C22:5n3 0.15d 0.10b 0.20a 0.29a 0.02 ***

C22:6n3 0.15d 0.66c 2.39b 3.80a 0.15 ***

Total n3 3.79d 12.41c 16.27b 20.04a 0.21 ***

Total PUFA 8.14d 8.14d 24.85b 33.16a 0.42 ***

n6: n3 1.14a 0.53c 0.53c 0.66b 0.02 ***

a,b Values in the same row and variable with no common superscript differ significantly .

1 Values are means of eight observations per treatment and their standard errors.

2 T1 = diet with 3% poultry fat (PF); T2 = diet with 2% PF+ 1% fish oil (FO); T3 = diet with 1% PF + 2% FO and T4 = diet with 3% FO

3 PUFA= polyunsaturated fatty acid

4***= P

5ND=No detected

CONCLUSIONS

The results of present experiment indicated that increase of fish oil level in dietary fat resulted in improve of performance in chickens and the n-6 PUFA and n-3 LC PUFA content of breast tissue increased with replacing PF by FO . Of course, increase in amounts of n-3 LC PUFA was almost doubled. But, unlike the n-3 content, the n-6 content in tissues is far more dependent on the n-6: n-3 ratio than on the n-6 FA content in the diet. This n-3 LC-PUFA was almost independent of the n-6 concentration in the diet. Thus, optimal ratio of n-6: n-3 in tissue can only be achieved by adding marine products as fish oil to chicken diets.

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