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With over 90% of the population estimated to be deficient in the omega 3 fatty acids DHA and EPA, it is important to get more of these into our diets to help us maintain good health. Here are the facts about them and how they can help.

They are classed as essential because our bodies cannot make them, so they have to come from our diets. The most important one is DHA as it gives us most of the benefits and can easily be converted into EPA if needed by the body.

These omega 3 fatty acids DHA and EPA can help prevent heart disease, treat rheumatoid arthritis, prevent breast and skin cancer, improve vision and memory and help to heal the skin, reversing the signs of aging.

The US National Eye Institute says that omega 3 reduces the risk of age related blindness by over 30% in a recent study and found that that it helps the eyes by acting as an anti-inflammatory, one of their key features.

It is their anti-inflammatory qualities that help to reduce heart disease and heart attacks as inflammation in the body creeps up on you silently until it’s too late to deal with.

The very best source today is fatty fish, Hoki in particular, as it contains naturally high levels of DHA and low amounts of toxins. However, most fish today can put you at risk of heavy metal poisoning so experts agree that a daily distilled fish oil supplement is the best solution so you can control the quality and amount you get.

Look for high levels of DHA and check that they have been molecularly distilled to remove all the contaminants to ensure pure and safe oil, especially for pregnant mothers and kids.

It is good to get a minimum of 250mg of DHA per supplement to reap the maximum rewards as many contain much less.

If you add a fish oil supplement to your daily routine, you can get the huge benefits of the omega 3 fatty acids DHA and EPA to help you stay healthy and avoid many of the deadly diseases later on in life.

If you would like to learn more about the high quality DHA omega 3 supplements I personally take daily, visit my website today.

Discover the best omega-3 fish oil today.

Rich Hawkins is a dedicated researcher of nutrition, diet and the amazing health benefits of high-quality fish oil. Take a moment to visit his site now at www.best-omega-3-supplement.com and discover the very latest and effective omega-3 fish oil supplements Rich recommends after extensive research.

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Simple answer is yes, they are. I am not saying that if you don’t take fish oil and anxiety will attack you. But in most cases the deficiency of Omega 3 fatty acids had been listed as a major cause of anxiety.

Anxiety is nothing but a psychological state of mind in an individual. In this condition mood swings very rapidly without knowing the reason that triggered it. It can originate because of various factors like fear, worry, stress, discomfort, and nervousness. Anxiety can be accompanied by physical symptoms like sweating, heart palpitations, trembling, nausea, stomach aches, chest pain, trouble breathing, etc.

Our brain has numerous nerve cell membranes and membrane fluidity. Any change in levels of fluidity can affect our behavior and lead to anxiety or depression. Omega 3 fatty acids boost the healthy formation of these brain cell membranes and help us fight these occasional mood swings and bouts of depression.

It was observed in many researches that people suffering from anxiety have lower levels of DHA and EPA. Both these fatty acids are responsible for uninterrupted blood flow to brain. Lack of either one of them results in usage of some other fatty acids by the brain. Since these replacement fats are not meant for this job, we experience mood fluctuations and anxiety.
Fish oil being rich in both DHA and EPA, is beneficiary for proper functioning of brain, thus resulting in better memory, concentration and low levels of depression.

Fish oil and anxiety are related in a subtle way that if you are having a regular dose of fish oil you will be better able to fight the bouts of anxiety. In a study published in news paper recently, a set of 1000 people were exposed to uncomfortable situations one by one and those who were on a regular dose of fish oil supplements were better in coping up with the situation.

You must be very cautious while selecting your supplements. A bad quality can do more harm than good. Effective fish oil should be pure, have lower levels of toxins like mercury and lead, should not have any rancid odor and should smell like ocean water. Recent study proves that a mixture of oil from tuna and hoki fish doubles the anti-inflammatory properties; thus suppressing the mood swings.

Trust me on this – If you get regular anxiety attacks then consult your physician; start using a high quality fish oil and anxiety will be a thing of past for you. Visit my website to know more on <a target=”_blank” href=”http://omega3brief.com”>omega 3 benefits</a> and how to conclude on effective fish oil supplement.

Chuck Blake is an active researcher and consumer of fish oil products.Visit his website http://omega3brief.com today to learn more about the powerful benefits of omega-3 fish oils.

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In the quest for searching the best quality fish oil products most of us rely on known quality standards. Most popular one is IFOS, International Fish Oil Standard.
But have you ever given it a thought that what exactly is it? Who they are? How to they test? What are the parameters?

With the growing popularity of omega 3 more and more people are demanding these supplements and therefore more and more players are entering the market. With recent scientific studies reporting high contamination levels in sea water and hence in all marine by products it becomes all the more important that there should be one central agency that regulates the standards so that there is not room left for cheap or ineffective products.

IFOS is an international program that tests the omega 3 health supplements for various safety standards as mentioned by World Health Organization and Council for Responsible Nutrition so that these supplements are safe for human consumption.

This standard is different from ISO and Good Manufacturing Practices because both these standards concentrate more on the process where as International Fish Oil Standard focuses on the purity of end product. If a company follows an ISO 9001 process it means that the process to manufacture is well documented and followed every time. They do not deviate from the process but that does not guarantee best quality of the end product. It may be useful to a certain extent but it can no way tell you about the level of toxins present in the end product.

IFOS tests products on four parameters -

Concentration
This is a one to one comparison of level of DHA/EPA present in the product vs. as claimed on the label. If you examine the label of any fish oil you will see that presence of DHA is mentioned like 200mg per 1000mg. These tests make sure that manufacturer is not supplying misleading information to the customer. If the product is IFOS compliant then you can find the true levels mentioned in the product report.

Purity and Safety
This checks for the levels of harmful chemicals like Mercury, PCBs and Furans.According to CRN standards the level of Mercury and PCBs should be 90ppb and 100ppb (ppb = Parts Per Billion) respectively and as per WHO standard Furans should be 2ppt (Parts per Trillion). If you take a look at the safety report of the product you will come that if your product is actually following safety standards or not.

Stability
This tells about the oxidation levels of the fish oil gels. These are core chemistry related details; instead of getting into details let us just keep ourselves limited to understanding that the lower the oxidation the better it is for us.

Presence of Heavy Metals like Lead, Arsenic, Nickel etc.
All these are toxic chemicals that are very very harmful for human beings. If the level of these chemicals should be below the safety limit as suggested by WHO only then the fish oil is considered safe for human consumption.

Companies that produce omega 3 can enroll in this program and get their product tested for purity and freshness. The certificate from International Fish Oil Standard is a clear indication of credibility.

If you are looking for a healthy omega 3 supplement for your family then make sure that the products that you buy follow IFOS or a standard which is stricter than them. You can find all this information on the website of the company.

This is the easiest way to stay away from the cheap products and select the best and effective supplements that give long lasting results to you and your family. If you want to learn more about omega 3 supplements and there benefits; visit my <a target=”_blank” href=”http://omega3brief.com”>website</a> where I have listed them in detail.

Chuck Blake is an active researcher and consumer of fish oil products.Visit his website http://omega3brief.com today to learn more about the powerful benefits of omega-3 fish oils.

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Are you wondering about the relationship that omega 3 and pregnancy share? And what is the right time for you to start having it? Is it before pregnancy, during pregnancy or after pregnancy?
Answer is – the sooner the better and longer the duration you are on omega 3 the healthier it is for you and for your unborn child.

Dosage of omega3 is similar to any other diet where one should maintain the regularity and never exceed the normal limits. Studies have shown that results are much more positive if it is taken regularly over a long period of time. Of all the forms of omega3, DHA is very useful and plays an important role in functional behavior of many of our body organs.

As soon as you get to know the existence of a new life in you – you can start having DHA. Or I would say even before this. This helps you in conceiving too. Once you have conceived it is very important that you maintain the required levels of omega 3 in your body. Fetus is totally dependent on you for all the required nutrients and needs essential fatty acids for the development of brain, eye and nervous system. This required DHA is passed through the placenta to the fetus.

Many females are advised to take omega 3 in their third trimester, as this is the time when brain of fetus develops the most. It has been observed that premature babies have lower levels of DHA. Since they have not gone full term, they get omega 3 benefits for less duration. This is the reason, that omega 3 supplements should not be confined to just third trimester instead should be taken throughout the pregnancy.

A high quality omega 3 and pregnancy is an indomitable blend. You should continue the dosages of DHA after your delivery too, as it keeps both mother and baby healthy.

For the first few months the infant is totally dependent on mother’s milk, it’s all the more important for you to continue your dose of DHA during this period as well. Clinical studies have proved that breast-fed babies have better IQ advantages over babies fed on infant formula without DHA.  It also helps the child in better eye hand coordination and fewer sleep disorders.  Studies have proved that women who are on rich diet of omega 3 have less chances of breast cancer and post natal depression.

Benefits of DHA do not end here; it does a lot more that what we discussed above to you and your family. Visit my website to know more on the <a target=”_blank” href=”http://omega3brief.com”>omega 3 and pregnancy</a> where I have described an effective DHA supplement that I and my family take daily.

Chuck Blake is an active researcher and consumer of fish oil products.Visit his website http://omega3brief.com today to learn more about the powerful benefits of omega-3 fish oils.

Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/omega-3-and-pregnancy-what-is-the-right-time-to-start-1363626.html

Face it.  The connection between fish oil and cholesterol in the bloodstream can be complicated and difficult to understand.  The information here should help you understand a little more about the subject.

What is Cholesterol, Anyway?

They are waxy hormones found in the body’s cellular membranes and transported through the bloodstream to areas of need.  It is essential for all life, because it is necessary to maintain the integrity of the cellular membranes and for the absorption of some of the essential vitamins.

It is transported within the bloodstream inside of “lipoproteins”, a combination of fats and proteins.  High blood levels of low and very low density lipoproteins are strongly associated with an increased risk of heart and vascular disease, specifically with atherosclerosis, also known as hardening of the arteries.

On the other hand, high levels of high density lipoproteins are associated with a lower risk of heart disease.  So, we have good HDL and bad LDL and VLDL in our bloodstreams.

One of the connections between fish oil and cholesterol balance has to do with the supplement’s ability to increase HDL levels.  HDL can remove cholesterols from the cells and from existing plaques in the arterial walls.  LDL and VLDL, on the other hand, contribute to the formation of those plaques, which are the cause of an age-related heart disease called atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries.

What are Triglycerides?

At the same time that your doctor tests your blood for HLD an LDL particles, normally, you will also be tested for total triglycerides.  Triglycerides are a combination of fatty acids and glycerol.  They are a major component of LDL particles.  High blood triglycerides are believed to be a risk factor for atherosclerosis.

Another connection between fish oil and cholesterol reduction has to do with the supplements ability to lower total blood triglyceride levels.  The question is this.

How much effect does the supplement have and how much do you have to take to see the effect?

Results have varied in clinical trials.  Modest or small to high decreases have been seen.  The reason for the different results has yet to be explained.  There are many possible explanations.  Here’s one of them.

A person that has high triglycerides and low HDL levels, but does not want to take the mainstream medical approach, which includes the use of statin drugs, might do a number of different things to improve their health, while participating in a clinical trial concerning fish oil and cholesterol.

For many years, doctors have recommended lowering one’s intake of total fat and dietary-cholesterol, which is found in a variety of foods.  Adding physical exercise to that approach has proven to be beneficial in recent years.

1. Learn more about what you can do to lower your triglycerides and reduce your risk of heart disease.

Laurel Cohen is a strong advocate of natural health in all its forms: skin care, supplementation, and farm fresh foods. She enjoys introducing people to the best natural products she can find and uses herself daily. Visit her site http://www.omega-3-for-health.com to learn about the omega 3 fish oils Laurel uses daily for optimal health.

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Let’s face it.  The search for the best fish oil supplements can take you all over the internet, bouncing around from one website to the next, reading one claim after another, some of which are conflicting.  So, before you continue on your search, take a few moments to read this article.  You should find the information helpful.

Concentrated Esters or Natural Triglycerides

Which is better?  Actually, the answer is “both”.  The concentrated esters have a higher concentration of omega-3 fatty acids, which are the nutrients of primary benefit.

When a species is use that is contaminated with mercury or PCBs, the manufacturer must distill the oils, before they can be used in a supplement.  When molecular distillation is used, the result is a concentrated ester.  So, it stands to reason that a concentrated ester would contain lower levels of contaminants.

However, there is some evidence that the natural triglycerides have more anti-inflammatory activity, although researchers have yet to explain why that might be.  If the triglycerides are tested for and found to be free of contaminants, it is possible to use them in a supplement, without molecular distillation.

So, the best fish oil supplements on the market, today, contain both.  50% of the supplement is a concentrated ester, because that increases the omega-3 content.  50% is a contaminant-free natural triglyceride, because that has the highest level of anti-inflammatory activity.

Complies With the IFOS, the CRN or other Standards for Freshness

Freshness is important, because rancid or oxidized oils can make you sick and because they contain free radical molecules, which are causes of cellular aging.  Once the oils are encapsulated there is no further oxidation.  But, there is always a risk associated with the liquids.

The CRN allows for total oxidation levels of 26.  The IFOS allows for 19.5.  Some manufacturers allow no more than 17 TOTOX.  The European Pharmacopeia and the Norwegian Medicinal Standards do not have a maximum total oxidation level.

Only the maximum peroxide value is defined, which can be as high as 10mEq/kg.  The CRN says a maximum of 5 should be allowed.  IFOS says a maximum of 3.75 is okay.  The best fish oil supplements have a maximum peroxide value of 2.5mEq/kg.

Not all manufacturers will disclose what their standards are for purity and freshness.  It typically takes a bit of detective work to find out what standards they adhere to.

Laurel Cohen is a strong advocate of natural health in all its forms: skin care, supplementation, and farm fresh foods. She enjoys introducing people to the best natural products she can find and uses herself daily. Visit her site http://www.omega-3-for-health.com to learn about the omega 3 fish oils Laurel uses daily for optimal health.

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Ever wondered what can fish oil tablets do for your health?  Some people may never know.  It is difficult to get accurate information.  Some claims seem overstated to say the least.  Hopefully, this article will give you a realistic look at the possible benefits, without overstating the case.

The fear that many researchers and scientists have is that people will think that a fish oil tablet or some other nutritional supplement will take the place of a healthy diet and regular physical activity.  Nothing will ever take the place of those two things.

They also fear that a person will rely to heavy on herbs or neutraceuticals and forego conventional treatments until it is too late.  This fear is primarily in the areas of cancer and heart disease.  If caught early, conventional treatments have been proven to add years to a person’s life.  At least, that’s what some of the research says.

There are some researchers that question the benefits of statin drugs for cholesterol reduction.  They say that the value of the drugs has been overstated and the potentially dangerous side effects are understated.  They are particularly concerned when doctors recommend statins for children and teenagers.  There are no studies concerning the safety of long-term use of those drugs, certainly not as a lifelong therapy.

Fish oil tablets on the other hand are safe.  They have a positive effect on high triglycerides in the bloodstream.  There are no adverse side effects.  They have been shown to increase the level of “good” HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream and reduce the risk of blood clots, heart attack and stroke.

But, to make those statements without saying that a person should continue to have their cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked on a regular basis would be misleading and unethical.   It is possible to naturally lower cholesterol levels without statin drugs.  The right way to do it is with healthy diet, regular exercise, a daily fish oil tablet or two and some other beneficial oils, such as limonene and rice bran.  Vitamin D is also beneficial, as it reduces the risk of fatty acid oxidation, which is what occurs in hardening of the arteries; aka atherosclerosis.

In fact, there is an effective natural remedy for almost all of man’s ailments.  They all include dietary changes and appropriate physical activity.  There are no magic pills or miracle drugs.  If there were, we would have found them thousands of years, ago.

So, a fish oil tablet is what it is; a good dietary supplement, because it is rich in omega-3 fatty acids called Docosahexaenoic acid and Eicosapentaenoic acid, which are largely absent in the modern-day diet.  We can only get DHA and EPA by eating seafood and they are essential for normal brain, eye and cardiovascular function.

Vegans would protest that statement, believing they can get all of the nutrients that they need from other sources.  If you are a vegan, you should take a marine algae supplement that contains DHA, but be aware that EPA is not present in that source.  Only fish oil tablets and some types of seafood provide both.

Laurel Cohen is a strong advocate of natural health in all its forms: skin care, supplementation, and farm fresh foods. She enjoys introducing people to the best natural products she can find and uses herself daily. Visit her site http://www.omega-3-for-health.com to learn about the omega 3 fish oils Laurel uses daily for optimal health.

Article Source:http://www.articlesbase.com/supplements-and-vitamins-articles/discover-what-fish-oil-tablets-can-do-for-your-health-1365582.html

One of the most effective ways to combat the damages caused by aging is by using anti aging supplements. Remember that the American population is getting older, causing anti aging supplements to increase in importance, especially in fighting cell aging. In this case, using Vivix Cellular Anti Aging Tonic by Shaklee must be the right anti aging supplement for you.

Shaklee has actually spent years in clinical research to make the highest quality anti aging supplements that consumers can use. Due to these, Shaklee has produced Vivix, where several laboratory tests have confirmed that its ingredients are proven to reverse the four key elements of cellular aging. This includes: DNA damage, genetic regulators, mitochondrial slowing and the accumulation of glycation products of aging. Vivix anti aging supplement can prevent damage by such four key elements, along with nutritional support.

The processes of cellular aging and oxidation contribute to diseases such as diabetes, arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease. Anti aging supplements also help to combat other age related disorders such as plaque formation which contributes to atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction and even sudden death. The immune system and energy levels will also be given a huge boost from the use of high quality anti aging supplements like Vivix.

2,000 different kinds of clinical studies has shown that the antioxidant Resverartrol, which is present in different kinds of red wide, red berried and grape skin can reverse the effects of aging. In this case, take note that Vivix has resveratrol up to as much as 100 glasses of wine, while letting you do away with the effects of alcohol. Plus, Vivix contains ingredients that have already been proven to be more than 10 times potent as compared to resveratrol, due to the fact that it is made from whole food concentrates.

In addition, Vivix is also known to contain anti aging food supplements that have polyphenols like ellagic acid. Like resveratrol, ellagic acid is present in the “super grape” Vitis rotund folia discovered by Shaklee and is a primary concentrate in Vivix.

Because Vivix anti aging supplements are a whole food product, manufactured without artificial, chemical synthesis and heat processing, it contains an entire spectrum of natural phytonutrients such as phenolic acids, ellagitanins, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanins. These phytochemicals all exist in perfect balance with the natural vitamins, minerals and amino acids found in food concentrates to ensure maximum absorption and utilization available only in whole food anti aging supplements.

In this case, Vivix has proven to be the world’s best anti aging supplements, with Shaklee even offering a 100% no questions asked money back guarantee to every consumer who will not be completely satisfied. Surely, Vivix is clearly the world’s best anti aging supplement.

Are you in search of Whole food supplements, nutritional vitamin supplements and many more. Just visit http://www.thenutritionnurse.com and select from a wide range of products which is affordable and nutritious.

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In this experiment, the effects of different levels of fish oil and poultry fat (FO+PF) on the performance and Breast fatty acids composition of broiler chickens assessed. 3% oil in 4 diets were altered with replacing PF by FO (T1=3%PF, T2=2%PF+1%FO, T3=1%PF+2%FO, and T4=3%FO) and were given ad libitum to the birds throughout the growth period. The performance was calculated at 42 d old and the fatty acid profile were determined after withdrawal of FO from the diet (during one -wk) before slaughtering in 49-d old . Higher live weight, weight gain and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded for birds T3 (1%PF+2%FO). High FO concentrations (2 and 3% levels) decreased the saturated (SAT) and monounsaturated FA contents (MUFA) and increased the polyunsaturated FA contents (PUFA) , mainly as linolenic acid and long chain n-3 FA ( C22:6n-3 , C22:5n-3 , C20:5n-3 ) in the breast samples. By replacing the FO diet with the experimental mixture (T2 and T3) and with 3% FO diet (T4), the n-3 and n-6 FA contents increased. However, increase in the amount n-3 FA in compared to n-6 FA contents was doubled in the tissue investigated. Therefore, the n-6: n-3 ratio was decrease to be optimal ratio.

INTRODUCTION

The long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) have long been recognized as an important factor in animal feeding. In man and intensively reared animals it appears that diets have become unbalanced in terms of the make-up of fat particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids .The content of omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids has declined and that of omega-6 (n-6)fatty acids increased. By supplementing with fish lipids which are rich in LC n-3 PUFA, the balance can be restored (Bezard et al, 1994; Toncer et al, 1987; Manilla et al, 1999 and Lopez Ferrer et al, 2001).

Fish oil, source of the n-3 fatty acids are supplied as alpha linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3, LNA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3, DHA) and poultry fat contain the n-6 fatty acids mainly linoleic acid (C18:2 n-6, LA) and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n-6, AA). With use from fish oil will ensured optimal ratio of n-6: n-3 in diet and increase of effectiveness of linolenic acid. Several studies with diets rich in LNA have failed to control of n-3 and n-6 FA content in chicken tissues (Ajuyah et al, 1993; Scaife et al,1994 and Lopez Ferrer et al 1991). The use of fish oil (the main source of LC n-3 PUFA) is restricted due to odor constraints in the final product (Hargis and Van Elswyk, 1993).

Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of use from a composition of oil/fat tobe replacing FO with PF to evaluate the effect on broiler carcass fatty acid composition and to determine optimal level of dietary fat to ensure of EPA and DHA amounts and reduce of n-6: n-3 ratio of chicken meat. Their effect on performance was also evaluated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fish oil supplied with collaborator of MEHREGANE KHAZAR (BANDAR ABBAS) company and poultry fat purchased at SEFIDAN MORGE TABRIZE industrial slaughtering unit. This oils stored in dark station at 40c until to mixing with diet.

A total of five handered unsexed one-d-old ROSS chicks were obtained from a commercial hatchery (SAMIN Hatcheries Co., MARAGEH). The chicks were fed a common basal broiler starter diet from 1 to 20 days (starter period). At 21d , 160 male chickens were sexed and randomly resigned to cages of 1×1×0/8 meters (10 per cage) and fed experimental diets [ diets of containing 3%PF(T1) , 2%PF+1%FO(T2) , 1%PF+2%FO(T3) and 3%FO(T4) ] throughout a 21-d growth period . The experimental diets formulated tobe isonitrogenouse (19/5 %CP) and isoenergetic (3136 kcal/kg ME), in accordance with the 1994 recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC). The birds were given access to water and diets ad libitum. The composition and calculated nutrient composition of the treatment diet is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Composition and calculated nutrient content of diets fed to chicks

Ingredients and Composition, % Starter diet 1 Experimental Withdrawal

diet Plan diet 2

Yellow corn 62.50 61.50 55.50

Wheat – – 20.00

Soybean meal 30.50 31.00 20.10

Fish meal 4.00 1.00 1.55

Added fat/oil 3/ PF/ FO – 3.00 -

Monocalcium phosphate 0.80 – -

Dicalcium phosphate – 0.90 -

Bone meal – – 0.80

Oyster shell 1.20 1.40 1.00

DL-Methionine 0.30 0.20 0.07

Salt 0.20 0.30 0.23

Vitamin/mineral premix4 0.45 0.45 0.45

Coccidiostat 0.05 0.10 0.10

Vit E – 0.10 0.10

Vit A 0.10 0.05 0.10

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Calculated nutrient content

ME (kcal/kg) 2,950 3,136 3,020

Crude protein (%) 21.20 19.50 17.11

Calcium (%) 0.32 0.14 0.15

Available P (%) 0.32 0.21 0.23

Methionine (%) 0.37 0.31 0.28

Methionine+cystine (%) 0.65 0.56 0.52

Lysine (%) 1.22 1.07 0.90

1starter diet fed to birds from 0 to 21 d.

2oil remove for one wk before slaughter (to decreased of unacceptable odors)

3three percent added fat: T1, control diet = 3% poultry fat (PF); T2 = 1% fish oil (FO) + 2% PF; T3 = 2% FO + 1% PF; T4 = 3% FO

4provides per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 9,000,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,000,000 IU; vitamin B1, 1,800 mg; vitamin B2, 6,600 mg; vitamin B3, 10,000 mg; vitamin B6, 3,000 mg; vitamin B12,15 mg; vitamin E, 18,000 mg; vitamin K3, 2,000 mg; vitamin B9, 1,000 mg; vitamin B5, 30,000 mg; vitamin H2, 100 mg; folic acid, 21 mg; nicotinic acid, 65 mg; biotin, 14 mg; choline chloride, 500,000 mg; Mn, 100,000 mg; Zn, 85,000 mg; Fe, 50,000 mg; Cu, 10,000 mg; I, 1,000 mg; Se, 200 mg;

Chemical Analysis

A GC apparatus consisting of a Dany GC-1000 (Italy), equipped with FID detector, data processor (DS-1000, Dany), hydrogen generator model GLAIND-2200 (Italy) and a split/split less injector was used. Separations of fatty acids were performed on An Altech Econo-Cap, EC-1000 capillary column (30 m×0.25 mm i.d., film thickness 0.25 ?m).

Methanol, n-heptan, diethylether and other chemicals were all from E. Merk (Germany). Fatty acid standards mix was purchased from supelco co. High pure helium (99.999%) was from Roham Gas Co. (Midde East Dubai, United Arab Emirates).

The total lipid fraction was extracted according to Folch et al. method [1957]. For determination of fatty acids about 500 mg of the samples were freeze-dried and extracted with chloroform-methanol mixture (2:1). After vaporization of solvent derivatization reaction was carried out on residue by adding 1 ml of potassium hydroxide 2 M in pure methanol and then shacked for 1 h at room temperature (25±1?C). The methyl esters were extracted in 3×0.5 ml n-heptan and 1 µL was injected to GC.

The initial column temperature was maintained at 75 ?C for 1 min and then raised at 30 ?C / min to 182 ?C and held for 8 minute and temperature was then increased at 7.5 ?C / min to 200 ?C and held 1 min. Helium was used as carrier and makeup gas, which their flow rates are 1.2 ml/min and 25 ml/min respectively. The injector and detector temperature were held at 250 ?C and 260 ?C respectively. Injections of samples were made in split less mode.

Statistical Analysis

The experiment was based on a completely randomized design. The experimental unit being the pen average for each performance variable. The data were analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA. When analysis of variance indicated a significant treatment the means were compared by multiple range tests. Significance was accepted at the 5% confidence level. The data are expressed as means and their standard errors (SE).

RESULTS and DISCUSSION

Fatty acid composition of supplemental fats

The fatty acid profiles of the test oil and fat show that the poultry fat (animal origin) used in this study are rich in linoleic acid, C18:2n-6 and fish oil (Marin origin) have high concentrations of linolenic acid (LNA, C18:3n-3) and long-chain n-3 PUFA naming eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA, C20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) (Table2). These data are consistent with those obtained in other studies (Phetteplace and Watkins, 1990; Olomu and Baracosa, 1991; and Manilla et al, 1999). Since the fatty acid composition of broiler chicken carcass may be influenced considerably by that of the diet (Miller and Robish, 1969; Hargis and Elswyk, 1993), it is expected that diets containing oils and fat of different origin will influence carcass fatty acid composition, reflecting their predominant fatty acids. On the other hand, The PUFA content was also obtained from direct deposit from dietary fat and, to a much lesser extent, from de novo synthesis through elongation and desaturation from the other groups as reported by Lopez-Ferrer et al (2001).

Table 2. Fatty acid composition of added fat/oil to growth diet

Fatty acid3 poultry oil fish oil

Percentage of total fatty acids

C14:0 4.43 7.33

C16:0 25.08 19.61

C16:1n7 Trans 5.31 7.76

C18:0 8.36 5.36

C18:1n9 26.84 18.95

C18:1n7 8.01 0.17

C18:2n6cis 17.70 3.41

C18:3n3 1.70 9.93

C20:1n9 0.20 0.45

C20:4n6 0.40 0.79

C20:5n3 0.00 11.50

C24:0 0.00 3.46

C22:5n3 0.00 2.21

C22:6n3 0.00 8.30

Others 1.97 2.77

Total SAT 37.87 35.76

Total MUFA 40.36 27.33

Total PUFA 19.80 34.14

Total n6 18.10 4.20

Total n3 1.70 29.94

1Values are means of two determinations

2SAT = saturated; MUFA =monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA=poly-

Unsaturated fatty acid

3Others fatty acids that no detected

Influence of the experimental diets on live weight, growth rate, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the broiler chickens

The all of performance parameters showed significant difference with the exception of the feed intake. With the increase of FO contains and decrease of PF levels, improved feed efficiency, weight gain and final weight in male broiler chickens (P

The effect of type of fat on efficiency feed could be related to degree of unsaturation, because some outers (Alao and Balnave, 1985; Pinchasov and Nir, 1992; Zolisch et al, 1997) have reported that digestibility of fat increases as the degree of unsaturation increases. The inclusion of fish oil in poultry diets has also been reported to have no effect on consumption of feed (Huang et al, 1990) significantly higher weight gain, final weight and significant improvement in FCR (Farell, 1995) was observed in the chickens fed added dietary fat contain 1%PF+2%FO (T3) compared to other three fat sources (3%PF, 2%PF+1%FO and 3%FO).

This is in agreement with the findings of Huang et al (1990), Newman et al (1998), Crespo et al (2001, 2002) and Lopez Ferrer et al (1991, 2001). Fish oil rich in n-3 fatty acids reduce the catabolic response induced by immune stimulation and effectively may promote growth (Chin et al, 1994).

Table 3: Performance parameters1of chicks according to different amounts of

fish oil in diets (21 to 42 d)

Experimental diets 2

Variable T1 T2 T3 T4 SE P 3

Live weight (g/bird) 1.92 d 1.97 c 2.05 a 2.02 b 0.577 **

Feed intake (g/bird) 122.67 122.80 122.88 122.83 0.191 NS

Weight gain (g/bird) 61.22 d 63.45 c 66.82 a 65.65 b 0.217 **

FCR (g: g) 1.97 a 1.93 b 1.84 d 1.87 c 0.006 **

a, b Values in the same row and variable with no common superscript differ significantly (P 0.05; *= P

Influence of dietary fats on tissue fatty acid composition

The fatty acid composition of the broiler carcass lipids is generally a reflection of the fatty acid profile of the diet fed (Tables 4a and 4b). This is consistent with the results of a number of earlier studies (Yau et al., 1991; Zolisch et al, 1997; Ochrimenko et al., 1997 and Lopez-Ferrer et al., 2001). The lipids of the breast muscle in chickens fed fish oil diet showed significant increases in the concentration of total PUFA. However, the relative proportion of the n-6 FA, mainly as LA, C18:2 n-6, increased in breast tissue (P

The PUFA content was also obtained from direct deposit from dietary fat and, to a much lesser extent, from denovo synthesis through elongation and desaturation from the other groups as reported by Lopez-Ferrer et al.(2001). EPA, DPA, and DHA content in tissues were more dependent on their dietary content than on conversion from their precursor. Their presence in tissues at high levels can be considered a marker of the use of fish products in formulated diets. The n-6: n-3 ratio of chicken tissue decreased with altering of substituting PF by FO. The mixture of FO plus PF (T2 and T3) is best fat levels than other treatments. Optimal EPA, DPA, and DHA levels and n-6: n-3 ratio is achieved.

The saturated (SAT) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) content of breast decreased when PF was replaced by FO in 3% dietary fat that the predominant SAT being palmitic acid (C16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0) and the predominant MUFA being oleic acid (C18:1 n-9) . This is in agreement with the findings of Yau et al. (1991) and Scaife et al. (1994). This effect could be due to the dual origin of oleic acid in meat (direct depot from diet and de novo synthesis in liver and tissue). The high palmitic acid (C16:0) content in T1 could account for the high level of oleic acid in meat, through elongation and desaturation (Lopez ferrer et al., 2001).

Table 5. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid composition of breast muscle lipids of chickens as influenced by experimental diets

Experimental diets 2

Fatty acid3 T1 T2 T3 T4 SE P 4

(% of total methyl esters of fatty acids)

C14:0 2.02c 2.72bc 3.32ba 4.05a 0.24 ***

C16:0 15.65a 12.80b 12.53b 12.45b 0.37 ***

C18:0 16.39a 14.92a 10.21b¬ 10.12b 1.06 **

C24:0 1.09d 3.18b 2.65c 4.13a 0.03 ***

Total SAT 34.41a 33.63ba 28.63c 30.86bc 1.00 **

C16:1n7 trans 0.60b 0.46b 1.91a 0.70b 0.13 ***

C18:1n9 32.67a 29.18b 20.70c 27.81b 0.60 ***

C18:1n7 2.22a 0.93b 0.83b 1.17b 0.10 ***

C20:1n9 0.57d 0.57d 0.75c 6.06a 0.02 ***

Total MUFA 36.07a 31.73b 24.21d 29.69c 0.62 ***

a,b Values in the same row and variable with no common superscript differ significantly .

1 Values are means of eight observations per treatment and their standard errors.

2 T1 = diet with 3% poultry fat (PF); T2 = diet with 2% PF+ 1% fish oil (FO); T3 = diet with 1% PF + 2% FO and T4 = diet with 3% FO

3 SAT = saturated; MUFA ??monounsaturated fatty acid

4**= P

Table 5. N-6 and n-3 PUFA composition of breast muscle lipids of chickens as influenced by experimental diets

Experimental diets 2

Fatty acid3 T1 T2 T3 T4 SE P 4

(% of total methyl esters of fatty acids)

C18:2n6cis 2.76c 1.86d 4.92b 12.15a 0.24 ***

C20:4n6 1.59b 1.76a 1.80a 1.21c 0.03 ***

Total n6 4.35d 6.68c 8.66b 13.36a 0.26 ***

C18:3n3 1.59b 0.70c 2.17a 2.40a 0.11 ***

C20:5n3 1.04d 5.84c 8.53b 10.54a 0.04 ***

C22:5n3 0.15d 0.10b 0.20a 0.29a 0.02 ***

C22:6n3 0.15d 0.66c 2.39b 3.80a 0.15 ***

Total n3 3.79d 12.41c 16.27b 20.04a 0.21 ***

Total PUFA 8.14d 8.14d 24.85b 33.16a 0.42 ***

n6: n3 1.14a 0.53c 0.53c 0.66b 0.02 ***

a,b Values in the same row and variable with no common superscript differ significantly .

1 Values are means of eight observations per treatment and their standard errors.

2 T1 = diet with 3% poultry fat (PF); T2 = diet with 2% PF+ 1% fish oil (FO); T3 = diet with 1% PF + 2% FO and T4 = diet with 3% FO

3 PUFA= polyunsaturated fatty acid

4***= P

5ND=No detected

CONCLUSIONS

The results of present experiment indicated that increase of fish oil level in dietary fat resulted in improve of performance in chickens and the n-6 PUFA and n-3 LC PUFA content of breast tissue increased with replacing PF by FO . Of course, increase in amounts of n-3 LC PUFA was almost doubled. But, unlike the n-3 content, the n-6 content in tissues is far more dependent on the n-6: n-3 ratio than on the n-6 FA content in the diet. This n-3 LC-PUFA was almost independent of the n-6 concentration in the diet. Thus, optimal ratio of n-6: n-3 in tissue can only be achieved by adding marine products as fish oil to chicken diets.

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How crucial is Vitamin D to weight loss? Some studies suggest it is a key ingredient to your weight loss success. But most people don’t get enough of this important vitamin.

- Vitamin D is not only a vitamin, but also a hormone. It is part of calcitriol, a powerful steroid hormone that helps in the buildup and breakdown of healthy tissue in our bodies.
- Vitamin D helps our bodies absorb calcium, maintain bone density and muscle strength.
- Vitamin D also promotes normal cell growth in our bodies and works as a key factor in maintaining hormonal balance and a healthy immune system.

Of course many of us can get plenty of Vitamin D through sun exposure and that is the only way our bodies can produce it?when our skin is exposed to direct sunlight. But our obsession with blemish-free skin and belief in sunscreen to protect us from skin cancer, practically every American is severely deficient in D. So how much do we need? Some studies have shown that adults need as much as 3000’5000 IU per day, but the U.S. Food and Nutrition Board recommends 2000 IU per day.

What role does vitamin D play in losing weight? Vitamin D’s direct role in calcium absorption is what makes it an important factor in how our bodies regulate weight. A study conducted at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis tested Vitamin D levels of 38 obese and overweight men and women while looking at a relationship between vitamin D levels and rate of weight loss. According to the study, vitamin D levels predicted subsequent weight loss success in subjects on a weight loss diet. When vitamin D was combined with a low calorie diet, the rate of success for dieters was much higher than those not taking a supplement. How can you make sure you get enough Vitamin D in your diet?

- The best way to help your body absorb vitamin D is to get a little sunshine in your life – at least 15 minutes a day.
- Make sure to include fish rich in Omega 3 oil, such as salmon, mackerel or sardines.
- Take a daily multivitamin; look for one that includes fish oil.
- Take a vitamin D3 supplement.
- Ask your doctor about Vitamin D testing.